Researchers Establish a New Synthetic Apomixis System Using Rice Endogenous Genes

Recently, a collaborative research team led by LI Jiayang from the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology (IGDB) of the Chinese Academy of Science, Yazhouwan National Laboratory, and China National Rice Research Institute, established a new synthetic apomixis system using the rice endogenous gene OsWUS, which allows for normal seed-setting rates. This study was published in Plant Communications (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xplc.2024.101136)

The cultivation and widespread use of hybrid rice have played a crucial role in enhancing grain yields and ensuring food security in China. However, due to genetic recombination and trait segregation, hybrid rice cannot be used for seed saving like conventional rice. This necessitates labor-intensive and costly hybrid seed production efforts by breeders and seed companies every year, and farmers must repurchase new seeds annually. Apomixis, a form of asexual reproduction via seeds, offers a solution to this problem by fixing heterosis, thereby allowing hybrid rice to be propagated by seeds.

In previous synthetic apomixis systems, the genes responsible for inducing parthenogenesis were initially discovered in plants capable of natural apomixis. For example, the BBM gene was first identified in Pennisetum squamulatum, while the PAR gene was found in apomictic dandelion. In this study, researchers found that the rice endogenous gene OsWUS could be regulated to induce apomixis and achieve clonal seed production without affecting seed-setting rates. OsWUS, also known as MOC3, plays a vital role in regulating the formation and development of tiller buds, as demonstrated in earlier studies by Jiayang Li's team. Mutations in MOC3 result in impaired tiller bud formation and significantly reduced tiller numbers. Moreover, overexpression of WUS can promote somatic embryogenesis and shoot regeneration in plants like Arabidopsis.

The research team constructed an ectopic expression vector for OsWUS, driven by the Arabidopsis egg cell-specific promoter pAtDD45, and transformed it into hybrid rice Chunyou 84 (CY84). During the transformation with OsWUS alone, challenges such as difficulties in plant regeneration, dwarfism, and sterility were observed. However, by combining ectopic expression of OsWUS with the MiMe strategy (Mitosis instead of Meiosis), the researchers successfully obtained Fix3 (Fixation of hybrids 3) lines that showed normal growth and development. Confocal microscopy revealed that approximately 20% of emasculated Fix3 ovules exhibited embryo development independent of fertilization, indicating that egg cell-specific expression of OsWUS could partially replace the fertilization process and induce parthenogenesis.

In addition, the Fix3 lines exhibited agronomic traits similar to those of wild-type hybrid rice, including completely normal seed-setting rates and a high clonal seed efficiency, with some lines reaching a cloning efficiency of approximately 21.7%. Further phenotypic analysis indicated that the progeny of these clonal plants showed phenotypic characteristics highly similar to those of the wild-type hybrid rice and maintained normal seed-setting rates.

The Fix3 apomixis system based on OsWUS not only maintained a normal seed-setting rate but also demonstrated varying levels of clonal seed efficiency across different lines, significantly surpassing the Fix2 system established using OsBBM4. This indicates a greater potential for practical application. However, compared with apomixis systems based on OsBBM1 and dandelion PAR genes, the cloning efficiency of the current OsWUS-based system still needs to be improved. In the future, mining additional egg cell-specific promoters or incorporating more endogenous genes that do not affect seed-setting rates may further enhance cloning efficiency while maintaining normal seed yields. Additionally, since homologs of OsWUS exist in multiple crops, this system could potentially be extended to other hybrid crops, facilitating broader utilization of hybrid vigor.

This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China, the National Key Research and Development Program of China, and Basic Research Project in 2023 of Yazhouwan National Laboratory.

 

Contact:

Professor LI Jiayang

Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences

Email: jyli@genetics.ac.cn